Abstract - Robotic-assisted Laparoscopic Surgery in Urology...

Shah NL, Hemal AK, Menon M.  Robotic-assisted Laparoscopic Surgery in Urology: A Historical Perspective. Indian J Urol, vol. 15, No.1, Feb. 2004.  

Significant improvements in the surgical approaches and management of disease have been made since the advent of antiseptic surgical technique and the widespread use of antibiotics. During the last quarter century, especially in the last decade, however, there has been an indisputable paradigm shift toward the use of minimally invasive surgery for treatment of a variety of diseases. This has benefited the patient in terms of lower morbidity and mortality through less violation of the body's natural protective boundaries. The morbidity in terms of pain, discomfort, and disability often associated with open surgery is due to the process of gaining access to the specific organ or region of interest as opposed to the actual procedure itself. Put another way, the move toward minimally invasive approaches for surgical disease has resulted in superior outcomes, fewer complications, and an overall improvement in health-related quality of life (HRQOL). 

Link to Indian Journal of Urology

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