The Normal Swallow

Swallowing is a complex process that results from a carefully orchestrated sequence of events involving the brain, nerves, and muscles of the mouth, throat, and esophagus.
 
When drinking or eating, the swallowing process begins as the first bite or sip is placed in the mouth.  The lips maintain adequate closure to prevent liquids and solids from escaping. Jaw and tongue muscles must be strong and coordinated to allow the successful chewing of solids. Sensory receptors in the mouth allow us to taste the food and perceive where the food or liquid is. The tongue moves efficiently to control what has been put within the mouth, and when ready to swallow, the tongue cradles and transfers what is being eaten from the mouth into the throat (pharynx).  As this occurs, the brain receives sensory information that instructs the muscles of the neck and throat to be in motion.
 
This is the beginning of the pharyngeal  aspect of the swallow   During the "pharyngeal swallow," several critical things occur.  As the food or liquid reaches the throat (pharynx) from the mouth, the muscular bulk of the tongue swiftly pushes what is being swallowed to  propel it through the throat toward the esophagus.  The soft palate closes the mouth from the nose to prevent food or liquid from entering the nasal cavity.  Simultaneously, the voicebox (larynx), which is actually part of the breathing system, closes tightly.  This prevents what is being swallowed from passing into the air passage by mistake.  Along with airway closure, the entrance to the esophagus opens to receive what is being swallowed. It is during the pharyngeal swallow that movement of the larynx can be felt within the throat.
 
Once the food or liquid is within the esophagus, it rhythmically passes downward through the body and ultimately into the stomach.  Dysphagia, or swallowing impairment, can result when there is disruption in any aspect of this complicated process.

What is a Swallowing Disorder?
Signs and Symptoms of a swallowing disorder
Types of Swallowing Disorders
Evaluation and Treatment
Living with Dysphagia